Cyber security definition
Cyber security is the application of technologies, processes, and controls to protect systems, networks, programs, devices and data from cyber attacks.
It aims to reduce the risk of cyber attacks and protect against the unauthorised exploitation of systems, networks, and technologies.
Free guide: Cyber Security 101 for SMEs
Get started with affordable, effective cyber security measures:
- Debunk common security myths
- Build your security strategy
- Implement immediate protection measures
Download your free guide
Why is cyber security important?
The costs of cyber security breaches are rising.
Organisations that suffer cyber security breaches may face significant fines. There are also non-financial costs to be considered, like reputational damage.
Cyber attacks are increasingly sophisticated.
Cyber attacks continue to grow in sophistication, with attackers using an ever-expanding variety of tactics. These include social engineering, malware and ransomware.
Cyber security is a critical, board-level issue.
New regulations and reporting requirements make cyber security risk oversight a challenge. The board needs assurance from management that its cyber risk strategies will reduce the risk of attacks and limit financial and operational impacts.
Cyber crime is a big business.
According to a study by McAfee and the CSIS, based on data collected by Vanson Bourne, the world economy loses more than $1 trillion each year due to cybercrime. Political, ethical, and social incentives can also drive attackers.
Protect your business from cyber threats
Download our free SME guide to start implementing effective security measures today.
Get your free security guide
Who needs cyber security?
It is a mistake to believe that you are of no interest to cyber attackers. Everyone who is connected to the Internet needs cyber security. This is because most cyber attacks are automated and aim to exploit common vulnerabilities rather than specific websites or organisations.
For consumers
![]()
Security in the Digital World
This must-have guide features simple explanations, examples and advice to help you be security-aware online in the digital age.
Find out more
For organisations
![]()
Cyber Security: Essential principles to secure your organisation – a pocket guide
This pocket guide takes you through the fundamentals of cyber security, the principles that underpin it, vulnerabilities and threats, and how to defend your organisation from attacks.
Find out more
Types of cyber threats
Common cyber threats include:
- Malware, such as ransomware, botnet software, RATs (remote access Trojans), rootkits and bootkits, spyware, Trojans, viruses, and worms.
- Backdoors, which allow remote access.
- Formjacking, which inserts malicious code into online forms.
- Cryptojacking, which installs illicit cryptocurrency mining software.
- DDoS (distributed denial-of-service) attacks, which flood servers, systems, and networks with traffic to knock them offline.
- DNS (domain name system) poisoning attacks, which compromise the DNS to redirect traffic to malicious sites.
Learn more about the cyber threats you face, the vulnerabilities they exploit and the types of attacks that cyber criminals use to deliver them
What are the five types of cyber security?
1. Critical infrastructure cyber security
Critical infrastructure organisations are often more vulnerable to attack than others because SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) systems often rely on older software.
Operators of essential services in the UK’s energy, transport, health, water and digital infrastructure sectors, and digital service providers are bound by the NIS Regulations.
The Regulations require organisations to implement appropriate technical and organisational measures to manage their security risks.
2. Network security
Network security involves addressing vulnerabilities affecting your operating systems and network architecture, including servers and hosts, firewalls and wireless access points, and network protocols.
3. Cloud security
Cloud security is concerned with securing data, applications, and infrastructure in the Cloud.
4. IoT (Internet of Things) security
IoT security involves securing smart devices and networks connected to the IoT. IoT devices include things that connect to the Internet without human intervention, such as smart fire alarms, lights, thermostats, and other appliances.
5. Application security
Application security involves addressing vulnerabilities resulting from insecure development processes in designing, coding, and publishing software or a website.
Cyber security vs information security
Cyber security is often confused with information security.
- Cyber security focuses on protecting computer systems from unauthorised access or being otherwise damaged or made inaccessible.
- Information security is a broader category that protects all information assets, whether in hard copy or digital form.
The legal requirement for cyber security
The GDPR and DPA 2018 require organisations to implement appropriate security measures to protect personal data. Otherwise, you risk substantial fines.
Cyber security is a critical business issue for every organisation.
Challenges of cyber security
Mitigating the cyber security risks facing your organisation can be challenging. This is especially true if you have moved to remote working and have less control over employees’ behaviour and device security.
Learn more about remote working and cyber security
An effective approach must encompass your entire IT infrastructure and be based on regular risk assessments.
Learn more about cyber security risk assessments
What are the consequences of a cyber attack?
Cyber attacks can cost organisations billions of pounds and cause severe damage. Impacted organisations stand to lose sensitive data and face fines and reputational damage.
Learn more about cyber crime and how it affects you
Learn about the cyber threats you face
Managing cyber security
Effective cyber security management must come from the top of the organisation.
A robust cyber security culture, reinforced by regular training, will ensure that every employee recognises cyber security as their responsibility.
Good security and effective working practices must go hand in hand.
How to approach cyber security
A risk-based approach to cyber security will ensure your efforts are focused where they are most needed.
Using regular cyber security risk assessments to identify and evaluate your risks is the most effective and cost-efficient way of protecting your organisation.
Learn more about cyber risk management
Cyber security checklist
Boost your cyber defences with these must-have security measures:
1. User education
Human error is the leading cause of data breaches. Therefore, you must equip staff with the knowledge to deal with the threats they face.
Staff awareness training will show employees how security threats affect them and help them apply best-practice advice to real-world situations.
2. Application security
Web application vulnerabilities are a common point of intrusion for cyber criminals.
As applications play an increasingly critical role in business, it is vital to focus on web application security.
3. Network security
Network security is the process of protecting the usability and integrity of your network and data. This is achieved by conducting a network penetration test, which assesses your network for vulnerabilities and security issues.
4. Leadership commitment
Leadership commitment is key to cyber resilience. Without it, it is tough to establish or enforce effective processes. Top management must be prepared to invest in appropriate cyber security resources, such as awareness training.
5. Password management
Almost half of the UK population uses ‘password’, ‘123456’ or ‘qwerty’ as their password. You should implement a password management policy to guide staff to create strong passwords and keep them secure.
Ready to strengthen your cyber security?
Our free guide shows you exactly how to implement these security measures in your business.
Download your free SME security guide
Start your journey to being cyber secure today.
IT Governance has a wealth of security experience. For more than 15 years, we’ve helped hundreds of organisations with our deep industry expertise and pragmatic approach.
All our consultants are qualified and experienced practitioners, and we can tailor our services for organisations of all sizes.
Browse our wide range of cyber security solutions below to kick-start your project.
Speak to an expert
To find out more on how our cyber security products and services can protect your organisation, or to receive some guidance and advice, speak to one of our experts.